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Page 1 of 6  By Ramaz Mitaishvili
1. Introduction
1.1. Common Sport Injuries:
- Are a result of stress put on bones or muscles.
- Most common are injuries to soft tissue - muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Skeletal System
- Is the vast and complex system.
- Made up more than 206 bone as well as cartilage.
- This bone and cartilage combo makes up 20% of total mass of the human body. 6 –12% of an adult's total skeleton is replaced each year (bone remodeling). Skeletal mass peaks usually in the late 20s.
- Protects vital organs and supports fleshy structures.
- Provides calcium (bone contains 99% of the body's calcium) and phosphorus reserve.
Note
1. The term "paired" usually means that a bone paired of the copy of itself. For example: the temporal bones that help make up of sides of skull are paired bones.
The opposite of paired bones are unpaired- that the bone doesn't have a match.
2. "Articulates with" means connects with.
So, for example radius and ulna are two bones of forearm. Both of these bones connect to the humerus- bone of an arm.
Therefore ulna and radius articulate with a humerus.
So, if one bone articulates with another bone- it connected to.
2.1. Bones - Are calcified connective tissue consisting of cells (osteocytes) in a matrix of ground substance and collagen fibers.
- Contain internal soft tissue, the Marrow, where blood cells are formed.
- Are classified, according to shape, into: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.
2.1.1. Long bones
- Are longer than they are wide.
- Have a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis)
- Include: Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Metacarpals, and Phalanges.
2.1.2. Short bones
- Are found only in the wrist and ankle and are approximately cuboid shaped.
2.1.3. Flat bones
- Include the Ribs, Sternum, Scapulae, and bones in the vault of the Skull.
2.1.4. Irregular bones
- Include bones of mixed shapes.
- Include bones of the Skull, Vertebrae, and Coxa.
2.1.5. Sesamoid bones
- Develop in certain tendons.
- Are found in the knee and the wrist.
2.2 The axial and appendicular divisions
The Skeletal System can be broken down by 2 major divisions: axial and appendicular
2.2.1. The Axial division
- Composed of 80 bones and forms longest axis of the body, which includes 3 major regions: Skull, Vertebral Column, Bony Thorax
- Supports head, neck, and torso.
- Protects brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs.
2.2.2. The Appendicular division
- Helps to move
- Allows to manipulate in environment.
- Made up of upper (arms) and the lower limbs (legs), and girdles of these limbs, which attach the limbs to the Axial Skeleton.
- Bones of the legs, arms, and girdles all have duplicates (bilateral symmetry).
2.3 Joints
- Are the sites of junction or union between two or more bones.
- Are classified on the basis of their structural features into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial types.
2.3.1. Synovial joints
- Permit a great degree of free movement.
- Are characterized by joint cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane (which produces synovial fluid), and articular capsule.
- Are classified according to axes of movement into: plane, hinge, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
2.3.2. Plane joints
- Have flat articular surfaces and are limited in movement by the articular capsule.
- Allow simple gliding or sliding movement.
- Occur in the proximal tibiofibular, intercarpal, intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular joints.
2.3.3. Hinge Joints
- Resemble door hinges and allow movement around one axis at right angles to the bones (uniaxial).
- Allow movements of flexion and extension only.
- Occur in the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints.
2.3.4. Pivot joints
- Allow rotation only (uniaxial).
- Occur in the superior and inferior radioulnar joints, and in the atlanto-axial joint.
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By Ramaz Mitaishvili
